The Reign of Edward II: Beyond the Legend

Edward II of England (whose tomb in Gloucester Cathedral is pictured here) is probably best known for the supposedly grisly manner of his death in 1327, which was said to have involved a red-hot poker and an intimate orifice.  However, even though they generally agree that Edward was murdered in Berkeley Castle in that year, …

The Venerable Bede in European Context

The Venerable Bede (c. 673-735), monk, theologian and the first historian of the English people, lived at the monastery of St Peter and St Paul in Monkwearmouth and Jarrow in Northumbria on Britain’s north-east coast.  While an earlier generation of historians tended to see Bede as living at the ragged edge of Christian civilisation, working …

The Knights of Labor: An International Perspective

The Order of the Knights of Labor was the largest and most powerful organisation of American workers in the nineteenth century.  Created by seven Philadelphian tailors in 1869, it was based on the fraternal practices and rituals of artisanal workers and secret societies such as the Freemasons.  By 1886 the Knights and their assemblies, as …