The Habsburg Empire and Italian Nationalism, 1815-66

The Habsburg Empire that was finally extinguished in 1918 was made up of numerous nationalities.  The national sentiment that developed within the Empire’s various national groupings in the nineteenth century is usually seen as a force for division within that empire, leading first to the independence of Italy between 1859 and 1870, and ultimately to …

Liberalism and Nationalism in the Austro-Hungarian Empire

On the 25th of January 1894 the prominent Jewish liberal politician Heinrich Jaques walked into his lawyer’s office in Vienna and shot himself in the head. As a young lawyer and financier in the 1860s he had written works in support of the Austrian state and the assimilation of Jews. In 1879 he was elected …